Canada Assistance Plan - Canada Health and Social Transfer

Canada's Unique Social History
This is a comprehensive online introduction to social welfare and social work that anyone interested in the history of social programs in Canada should bookmark. The site comprises hundreds of pages of text, audio-visual material and links to more information. Prepare to spend hours - I did.
This is a must-visit site with something for everyone with an interest in Canadian social programs.
This site is the creation of Steven Hick, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Social Work of Carleton University in Ottawa.
The project was funded by Heritage Canada.
Here are just two of the eight modules:
- Rise of Income Security (module 3) offers 38 topics providing information about social programs from the 1800s to the post-CHST world
- Rise of Capitalism and Social Welfare (module 2) offers 17 topics from the origins of social welfare in the Middle Ages to the 1930s Depression in Canada

Windows of opportunity: social reform under Lester B. Pearson(PDF file - 568K, 12 pages)
by Jim Coutts
[historical information on the creation of several of Canada's key social programs in the early to mid-sixties]
"...in only five years of two minority governments Pearson enacted the Canada-Quebec Pension Plan, The Canada Assistance Plan, the Guaranteed Income Supplement and Medicare, all keystones of the modern social security system."
Source:
Policy Options: November 2003 Issue
(Theme: Corporate Governance)
[ Institute for Research on Public Policy ]

Poor Laws (England, 17th Century)
"The history of the English poor laws is often divided into the Old Poor Law and the New Poor Law — the watershed between them being the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. Not everything changed in 1834, however. One important and complex piece of poor law legislation which originated in 1662, and which did not finally disappear until 1948, was the Settlement Act."
Source:
The Workhouse

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CANADA ASSISTANCE PLAN for the year ended March 31, 1968
- the full 16-page report presented to Parliament - includes information on the background, objectives, main features, application and administration of the Plan - a collector's item, scanned from the original...

The Evolution of the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP)
1985
John E. Osborne This is a copy of the 21-page Appendix to the 1985 Nielsen Task Force report on the Canada Assistance Plan. It's an insider's view of the first 20 years of CAP and its historical precedents. This is good stuff.

"No sooner had CAP been launched than the Minister of Finance proposed, in September 1966, that it be terminated. In a statement to the Tax Structure Committee, he offered to terminate it as of March 31, 1970, and to replace it with a combination of tax abatement, equalization payments and adjustment grants unrelated to program costs."
From The Evolution of the Canada Assistance Plan By John E. Osborne, in the Nielsen Task Force Report on CAP (1985)

The Canada Assistance Plan: A Twenty Year Assessment, l966-l986 (~23 printed pages with graphs and tables)
Allan Moscovitch
Carleton University
January 1988
This excellent critical analysis of CAP's first twenty years provides detailed information about programs that preceded CAP and about the inner workings of the administration of CAP.

Canada Assistance Plan -- (Consolidation up to S.C. 1996, c. 11)
CHAPTER C-1 (Repealed March 31, 2000)
Thanks to Vincent Calderhead for graciously donating his copy of the statute to share with other visitors to this site.
NOTE: Like the Canada Pension Plan, the Canada Assistance Plan is not only the name of the program but also the official title of the statute.
It's incorrect to refer to the CAP statute as the CAP Act.
According to s.1 of the CAP statute, "This Act may be cited as the Canada Assistance Plan."

CHAPTER 17 (Bill C-76), Statutes of 1995
An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on February 27, 1995
Table of Contents - incl. links to text
Whole document in one file (110K)
- incl. provisions for the winding-down of the Canada Assistance Plan (section 30 foll.) and the startup of the Canada Health and Social Transfer (section 48)
Source:
Canadian Legal Information Institute

Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act, Chapter F-8 (Updated to August 2004)
See:
Part V : Canada Health and Social Transfer (sections 13 to 23)
Part V.1 : Canada Health Transfer, Canada Social Transfer and Health Reform Transfer (sections 24, 25)

Key provisions in the Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act
concerning social assistance residency
[Excerpts]

Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act, Chapter F-8
(...)

PART V
CANADA HEALTH AND SOCIAL TRANSFER

s.13. (1) Subject to this Part, a Canada Health and Social Transfer established under paragraphs 14(a), (b) and (e) to (g) is to be provided to the provinces for the purposes of
(a) financing social programs in a manner that provides provincial flexibility;
(b) maintaining the national criteria and conditions in the Canada Health Act, including those respecting public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability and accessibility, and the provisions relating to extra-billing and user charges;
(c) maintaining the national standard, set out in section 19, that no period of minimum residency be required or allowed with respect to social assistance; and
(d) promoting any shared principles and objectives that are developed, pursuant to subsection (3), with respect to the operation of social programs, other than a program for the purpose referred to in paragraph (b).

s.18. In sections 19 to 23,
"Minister" means the Minister of Human Resources Development;
" social assistance " means aid in any form to or in respect of a person in need.

s.19. (1) In order that a province may qualify for a full cash contribution under subsection 15(1) for a fiscal year, the laws of the province must not

(a) require or allow a period of residence in the province or Canada to be set as a condition of eligibility for social assistance or for the receipt or continued receipt thereof; or
(b) make or allow the amount, form or manner of social assistance to be contingent upon a period of such residence.

Exception

(2) The criteria in subsection (1) are not contravened by a requirement of a health insurance plan of a province of a minimum period of residence in the province or waiting period that does not contravene paragraph 11(1)(a) of the Canada Health Act.

PART V.1
CANADA HEALTH TRANSFER, CANADA SOCIAL TRANSFER AND HEALTH REFORM TRANSFER (sections 24-25.8)
[NOTE: Part V.1 was added to this statute by section 8 of Chapter 15, Ontario Statutes of 2003]
(...)
Canada Social Transfer

24.3 (1) Subject to this Part, a Canada Social Transfer in the amounts referred to in subsection 24.4(1) is to be provided to the provinces for the purposes of
(a) financing social programs in a manner that provides provincial flexibility;
(b) maintaining the national standard, set out in subsection 25.1(1), that no period of minimum residency be required or allowed with respect to social assistance; and
(c) promoting any shared principles and objectives that are developed under subsection (2) with respect to the operation of social programs.

(2) The Minister of Human Resources Development shall invite representatives of all the provinces to consult and work together to develop, through mutual consent, a set of shared principles and objectives for social programs that could underlie the Canada Social Transfer.

Definition of "social programs"

(3) In this section, "social programs" includes programs in respect of post-secondary education, social assistance and social services, including early childhood development, and early learning and child care services.

(...)

24.9 The following definitions apply in sections 25 to 25.5.

"Minister" means the Minister of Human Resources Development.

"social assistance" means aid in any form to or in respect of a person in need.

25.1 (1) In order that a province may qualify for a full cash contribution (...) for a fiscal year, the laws of the province must not
(a) require or allow a period of residence in the province or Canada to be set as a condition of eligibility for social assistance or for the receipt or continued receipt of social assistance; or
(b) make or allow the amount, form or manner of social assistance to be contingent on a period of such residence.

Exception

NOTE: Chapter Two of the report is a five-page descriptive overview of social assistance in Canada in 2005. It provides information about the federal contributions to provincial, territorial and municipal social assistance under the Canada Assistance Plan (1996-1996), the Canada Health and Social transfer (1996-2004) and the Canada Social Transfer (2004 to date).
Other chapters provide, for each province and territory, some general information of eligibility (including asset and income exemption levels) and benefits, as well as an impressive number of statistical tables, graphs and charts providing numbers of cases and beneficiaries (time series statistics going back as far as the mid-1990s, depending on the jurisdiction), profile information (age/education/sex of household head, cases by reason for assistance) and even (for most jurisdictions) the percentage of households reporting income.

Source:
Social Program Analysis
Strategic Policy - Children and Families
NOTES:
1. this is where I worked before my retirement in 2003 - Gilles
2. yes, I know that the link above takes you to a page called "Social Policy", but the group's name changes more often than its website, and that's where you'll find the social assistance statistical report.
3. be sure to click the link above and peruse the list of reports that are available on this page - the words "Gold Mine" come to mind. The words "Best-Kept Secret" also spring to mind, because the reports on this page tend to just appear here as if by magic, without so much as a peep in the Departmental "What's New" page.
<Argh.>
[ Policy and Strategic Direction Branch ]
[ Human Resources and Social Development Canada ]

Social Assistance in Canada, 1994
Over 40 pages of information on Canadian social assistance programs as they operated in 1994. Much of the information in this document is still as relevant today as it was back then - eligibility, benefits, administrative rules, and more. Includes information about cost-sharing of welfare costs under the Canada Assistance Plan. Question-and-answer format for quick reference. This work was part of a larger study of social assistance in 24 countries released by the OECD early in 1996. I was the author of this report, with a lot of input from a number of colleagues in the Department at the time. If you want a snapshot of what welfare was like in Canada before the Canada Health and Social Transfer in 1996, this is a pretty decent one - and it's free.

Historical Statistics of Canada (2nd edition, 1983)
Jointly produced by the Social Science Federation of Canada and Statistics Canada
Go to the home page and browse the table of contents of this excellent historical resource. Tables are arranged in sections with an introduction explaining the content of each section, the principal sources of data for each table, and general explanatory notes regarding the statistics. This online statistical collection complements and expands on Human Resources Development Canada's Social Security Statistics, Canada and Provinces report.
Source:
Statistics Canada

Historical Statistics of Canada contains links to over 1,000 statistical tables (downloadable in Excel format) on the social, economic and institutional conditions of Canada from the start of the Confederation in 1867 to the mid-1970s. It's worth downloading the free Excel 97/2000 Spreadsheet File Viewer from Microsoft if you don't have Excel software on your machine.
For a complete list of topics covered, see the Alphabetical Index - everything's there from Accidents and Fatalities to Zinc Production.

Section C: Social Security - by T. Russell Robinson, Health and Welfare Canada
Contains seven pages of historical information on the evolution of Canadian social programs, plus links to over 180 tables organized under the following headings: Federal Income Security Programs - Federal and Provincial Income Insurance Programs - Cost-shared Federal-Provincial Income Security Programs - Federal and Provincial Social Service Programs - Provincial-Municipal Income Security Programs - Government Expenditures on Social Security by Broad Program Areas. Unfortunately, the section on the Canada Assistance Plan provides stats only from 1970 to 1975, but you'll find other historical gems here, like federal transfers to the provinces and territories, 1947 to 1975, Unemployment insurance account, 1942 to 1976, Old Age Pensions recipients for Canada and by province, March 1928 to 1951, and much more...
Great collection of historical Canadian social program stats!

Some social advocates speak widely about rights under CAP that were lost with the CHST and rampant workfare in Canada. It is true that governments have gotten meaner and leaner. But there is some confusion between "rights under CAP" and conditions for federal-provincial-territorial cost-sharing of approved social programs.

Most of what is called workfare today in Canada is actually a combination of tighter welfare eligibility criteria, benefit cuts, a broadening of the definition of an "employable" person and more stringent enforcement of rules regarding reciprocity that existed even before CAP (and continue to exist today).

The Preamble to the Canada Assistance Plan (1966) reads as follows:
"WHEREAS the Parliament of Canada, recognizing that the provision of adequate assistance to and in respect of persons in need and the prevention and removal of the causes of poverty and dependence on public assistance are the concern of all Canadians, is desirous of encouraging the further development and extension of assistance and welfare services programs throughout Canada by sharing more fully with the provinces in the cost thereof; (...) enacts (...) the Canada Assistance Plan."

The statute itself and its Regulations focus on the logistics (definitions, exclusions, formulae, etc.) of the federal-provincial/territorial cost-sharing agreement in the areas of social assistance and a number of welfare services.

The CAP statute does not confer any rights to Canadian citizens in need.

This is because the CAP statute was a legislative mechanism that provided a framework for federal social transfers to provinces and territories. The CAP program itself was much more than the sum of its legislative parts, of course - it represented the federal government's commitment of financial support to the lower levels of government towards the improvement of social programs of last resort and the expansion of a number of social services across Canada starting in the mid- to late 60s.

The Right to Welfare
For a detailed analysis (~25 printed pages) of "the right to social assistance" with references to the Constitution Act, the Charter of Rights and the change from CAP to the CHST, see the Submission by the Charter Committee on Poverty Issues (CCPI) to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the occasion of the Review of the Third Report of Canada at the Committee's 19th Session (November - December, 1998)

NOTE: The CCPI submission includes information on welfare case law in a number of jurisdictions that you definitely won't find elsewhere - dealing with the right to social assistance, adequacy of social assistance benefits, provincial contravention of national "standards" under CAP, sections 7 and 15 of the Charter of Rights, etc.
Source : Charter Committee on Poverty Issues
See also: U.N. '98 Page - (links to 18 related documents)

What social advocates often refer to as "rights" under CAP were in fact conditions set by the federal government for provinces and territories to qualify for 50% reimbursement of approved social expenditures. (The "cap on CAP" changed this financial relationship with the three richest provinces in 1990-91 - see the next section below.)

There were three such conditions, as well as one administrative requirement, for a Canadian province or territory to qualify for cost-sharing from the federal government. They were as follows.
- An applicant's eligibility for assistance had to be solely based on a test that "takes into account the budgetary requirements (...) and the income and resources available to [that] person to meet those requirements", and no other condition (e.g. work-for-welfare could not be a condition of initial eligibility),
- An appeal system had to be published as part of the jurisdiction's social assistance legislation, and appeal information conveyed to all applicants,
- No residency requirement in Canada or in a particular province or territory could be imposed as a condition of eligibility for social assistance applicants, and
- Program information and statistics had to be provided to federal authorities for the administration of CAP (caseloads, expenditures, program changes, etc.)

A common misconception of many social researchers and advocacy groups about CAP revolves around "the right to receive welfare without having to work for it..."

In fact, reciprocity was always an inherent aspect of CAP and the social assistance programs that it funded at 50%, at least for employable people.

The "right to welfare without work" argument is correct only in the narrow sense, with respect to initial eligibility. Any province or territory that wanted to qualify for 50% cost-sharing under CAP had to agree to determine eligibility for assistance on the sole basis of a test of financial need and no other condition. CAP prevented the provinces and territories from saying to a welfare applicant: "If you want this welfare cheque, you have to work X number of hours at this particular job."

Workfare or Work Activity Projects?

There's a popular misconception about the legislative authority for the no-workfare rule under CAP. Section 15(3) of the Canada Assistance Plan is often cited as the source for this cost-sharing condition. ("Every agreement made pursuant to this section shall (a) provide that no person shall be denied assistance because he refuses or has refused to take part in a work activity project"). In fact, section 15 is under Part III of the CAP statute, entitled Work Activity Projects.

Here's what the Appendix to the 1985 Nielsen report on CAP says about the work activity project component of CAP: "Part III made provision for sharing in the costs of work activity programs - sheltered work programs designed to increase a person's capacity to take advantage of employment-oriented programs, or to provide socially useful work for unemployable persons."

Work activity projects never really played a mainstream role in SA - CAP spending in this area never reached $9 million/yr. even when total CAP spending almost topped the $8 billion/yr. mark, because Work Activity Projects was a very small segment of the caseload covered under CAP - unemployable persons in sheltered work programs.

The legislative authority for the no-workfare rule is section 6(2).

"An agreement shall provide that the province
(a) will provide financial aid or other assistance to or in respect of any person in the province who is a person in need described in paragraph (a) of the definition of "person in need" in section 2, in an amount or manner that takes into account the basic requirements of that person;
(b) will, in determining whether a person is a person described in paragraph (a) and the assistance to be provided to that person, take into account the budgetary requirements of that person and the income and resources available to that person to meet those requirements;
(...)"

In plain English:

- in order to qualify for federal sharing under CAP, a province or territory had to provide financial aid or other assistance to any "person in need" - defined in section 2 of the CAP statute as "...a person who, by reason of inability to obtain employment, loss of the principal family provider, illness, disability, age or other cause of any kind acceptable to the provincial authority, is found to be unable, on the basis of a test established by the provincial authority that takes into account the budgetary requirements of that person and the income and resources available to that person to meet those requirements, to provide adequately for himself, or for himself and his dependants or any of them"]

- for CAP purposes, the definition also included a child in need of protection and a deceased person (i.e., the federal authority would share 50% of the cost of approved child welfare services and the cost of funerals and burials of indigent people.)

- the province/territory had to provide assistance on the basis of any budget deficit between the person's non-exempted financial resources and his needs (including those of his dependants). Initial eligibility had to be based solely on the needs test, and it could not include a mandatory undertaking on the part of the applicant to work for his basic benefits. The principle of reciprocity was, however, encouraged [and even enforced] by CAP. A province could say "now that you've qualified on the basis of the needs test, you must, as a condition of *continuing* eligibility, accept any reasonable offer of employment or opportunities to improve your employability." Of course, the operative word there is "reasonable" --- since the demise of CAP, that's become a moot point, because the more conservative provinces have had successful caseload purges based on the American Work-First approach, and 'reasonable' now means "whatever gets you off the system"...

However, all Canadian jurisdictions' social assistance legislation contained continuing eligibility criteria, conditions that clients had to respect to stay eligible for welfare. In the case of employable people, that included the obligation to accept any reasonable offer of work, training or academic upgrading that was offered by the government authority, or to be actively looking for work otherwise.

For at least the last 40 years, every Canadian jurisdiction's social assistance regulations have provided for the suspension, cancellation, reduction or refusal of benefits where an employable client refuses to participate in one of the measures listed above. These penalties vary from one jurisdiction to another, and they all remain in force into the 21st century.

Across Canada, sanctions apply to any employable person who is unwilling to participate in a formal (signed) "action plan" or other similar type of contract between that person and the provincial/territorial government. That plan or contract might include any or all of remedial education, training, job preparation and even job placement. Refusal to participate in any measure that is deemed to be in the person's best interests can result in refusal of assistance or lower benefits. This has always been the standard for welfare programs in Canada, except during periods of economic downturn when a provincial government might relax its reciprocity requirements.

There is a fundamental difference between the reciprocity condition that was inherent in programs under CAP and workfare - it's the extent of compulsion. CAP supported provincial rules that required employable people on welfare to do something to help themselves. That could involve participating in an activity to improve their employability, like going back to school, participating in a training program or even working in a job placement or apprenticeship. It might also involve actively looking for a job. In the latter case, CAP even tolerated provincial rules requiring proof of job search efforts by clients. What CAP did not support was workfare in its traditional sense - the requirement to work for a specific number of hours in a designated job for basic welfare benefits.

Patricia Evans' article in the 1995 book entitled Workfare: Does it Work? Is it Fair? from the Institute for Research on Public Policy provides a thorough analysis of work-for-welfare provisions in Canadian welfare programs. It's based largely on a questionnaire completed by government welfare administrators in each jurisdiction. This is an excellent source of information on how sanctions were imposed in each province and territory under CAP cost-shared programs when an employable applicant or recipient refused to participate in employability measure and job search requirements.
The Canadian Welfare Reforms page of this site includes A few words about workfare, which examines the difference between formal and de facto workfare.

In 1990, the federal government, in order to reduce the federal budget deficit, decided to cut expenditures and limit the growth of payments made to financially stronger provinces under the Canada Assistance Plan. In a nutshell, the federal government imposed a ceiling (or "cap") of 5% on expenditures under the Canada Assistance Plan to Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia, the three Canadian provinces not receiving federal Equalization payments. In other words, the annual increase in the total CAP payment to each those three provinces could not increase more than 5% per year. The 1990 federal budget set the measure in place for a two-year period and the 1991 budget extended the period for a further three years, until the end of 1994-95. BC challenged the unilateral federal action in court.

The 1991 Supreme Court of Canada 'cap on CAP' Court decision is a detailed account of the BC court challenge to the federal government's unilateral imposition of an annual ceiling on federal contributions to provinces for social programs under the Canada Assistance Plan. It contains the best information I've found anywhere about the background, both the federal and BC positions, and the Supreme Court ruling. In short, the Supreme Court rules in favour of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty reflected in s. 42(1) of the federal Interpretation Act, which states that "Every Act [including the Canada Assistance Plan...] shall be construed as to reserve to Parliament the power of repealing or amending it...".

The 1994 Social Security Review

In 1994, the federal government launched a national Social Security Review (SSR). A number of papers were released before the review wound down after the 1995 federal budget. If you go to a municipal or university library, you should be able to find a collection comprising a discussion paper and about five or six supplementary papers released in the months that followed. These supplementary papers offer a wealth of information on unemployment/employment insurance reform, employability in the 90s, families and children, persons with disabilities, and other topics. The main discussion paper and four of the supplementary papers appear below...

Improving Social Security in Canada : A Discussion Paper
October 1994
(212K, 61 pages)
Improving Social Security in Canada is the main document of the 1994 Social Security Review.
It deals with the following issues : the need for reform, working: jobs in a new economy, learning: making lifelong learning a way of life, and security: building opportunity for people in need . The section entitled "Security: Building opportunity for people in need" focuses on the federal government's role in Canadian social security programs in 1994-95 and proposed reform options. (Click on the title of the report, then scroll down the page to the table of contents to find the Security section)
Here's what you'll find in the security section:
Introduction - What the federal government does now - The Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) - The Child Tax Benefit - The need for CAP reform - The goals for reform - Approaches to reform - Possible first steps - Longer-term approaches to reform

Improving Social Security in Canada
Persons With Disabilities: A Supplementary Paper
1994
(178K, 87 pages)
NOTE: Unlike the preceding SSR links which are pointing to HTML pages, this one points to a .TXT file (smaller file size)

Social Assistance in Canada, 1994
This is an unpublished manuscript that I wrote when I was in the Social Policy Branch of Human Resources Development Canada early in 1994 in the context of a study of social assistance in the 24 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It's a detailed account of Canadian social assistance policies in place before CAP was replaced by the CHST. The printed version of the full questionnaire is over 40 pages.

The February 1995 federal budget announced that federal payments to provinces and territories would be frozen at the previous year's level and that the Canada Assistance Plan would be replaced by a block grant the following April.

Budget Speech (February 27, 1995) - The Honourable Paul Martin, P.C., M.P. (Minister of Finance)

Towards a New System of Transfers to the Provinces - 1995 federal Budget Speech excerpt (from the link above) announcing the introduction, as of April 1996, of the Canada Social Transfer (later renamed Canada Health and Social Transfer)

The Canadian Experience in Reducing Budget Deficits and Debt - Notes for an address by The Honourable Paul Martin, Minister of Finance, presented to the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Symposium on Budget Deficits and Debt: Issues and Options
Jackson Hole, Wyoming
September 1, 1995

Who Gets What? The 1999 Federal Budget and the CHST
by Finn Poschmann, William B.P. Robson,
and Daniel Schwanen, C.D. Howe Institute
February 26, 1999
(PDF file, 45K)
*includes historical information on social programs and fed-prov financial arrangements from pre-CAP to the CHST

The 1995 Budget and Block Funding (PDF file - 178K, 35 pages)
Spring 1995
"This report describes welfare in Canada prior to the birth of the Canada Assistance Plan and the huge advances that came about because of CAP. It analyzes the 1995 budget proposals and the disastrous impact they would have on real people with real needs. It outlines a better alternative for funding welfare and social services."
["Bluntly put, the proposed Canada Health and Social Transfer is the worst social policy initiative undertaken by the federal government in more than a generation." Report, page 26]
Source:
National Council of Welfare

Canada Assistance Plan - Chapter 15, 1989 Report of the Auditor General of Canada
- Informative chapter (full text) of the report, concentrating on the federal administration and delivery of the Canada Assistance Plan. Under "Monitoring and Verification of Compliance", you will find plenty of information about federal-provincial CAP cost-sharing conditions.
There is also an excellent section on CAP accountability and information issues.
A few quotes to tempt you:
- "Difficulties exist as to the definition of adequacy [of welfare rates]..."
- "There are inconsistencies relating to residency requirements..."
- "The legislated requirement to produce a CAP annual report [for Parliament]..."
(Note: Under the CHST, there is no legislated requirement for the federal government to report to Parliament on the effect of its social transfers on "persons in need" in Canada.)

Study of Key Federal Social Programs - Chapter 6, 1994 Report of the Auditor General of Canada*
- heaps of information on CAP, Unemployment Insurance
* The Auditor General of Canada website has an extensive online library of reports going back to 1982, many with sections on (or references to) the Canada Assistance Plan. The two links above are from that list. Scroll down the home page until you see the complete list of reports by year. You can browse the reports individually, or just type "Canada Assistance Plan" in the search engine box for a list of relevant reports (a lot faster).

Benefiting Canada's Children: Perspectives on Gender and Social Responsibility
March 1998
Christa Freiler and Judy Cerny
Child Povery Action Group
- 95-page report (+ appendices), explores the causes of poverty in Canada and the challenges and constraints in addressing poverty and vulnerability in a post-CHST world.
- includes an interesting review of available information on the National Child Benefit (which was to be implemented in July 1998) and provincial programs for children in place in early 1998.

No More! CAP-in-hand: Social Services in a Post-CAP Era
Report of the 1996 Social Services Restructuring Conference
National Union of Public and General Employees (NUPGE)
- *This is an excellent analysis of the social services cuts in each Canadian province and the changes going on around the introduction of the CHST
- Special focus on social assistance reforms during the transition from CAP to the CHST

The Caledon Institute of Social Policy has an extensive list of online reports and studies about the Canada Assistance Plan and the Canada Health and Social Transfer. To find these quickly, just enter Canada Health and Social Transfer in the publications search box (the link is in the left-hand column on the Caledon home page)

How Finance Re-Formed Social Policy (PDF file)
Ken Battle and Sherri Torjman
April 1995
"How Finance Re-Formed Social Policy analyzes the implications of the 1995 federal Budget for social policy. It explores the likely impact of the Canada Health and Social Transfer on welfare, social services and medicare that will result from both the substantial loss of funds and the withdrawal of the Canada Assistance Plan legislative base. Other Budget announcements regarding the Human Resources Investment Fund, Unemployment Insurance and pensions are also discussed. The paper places these announcements within the broader context of the substantial changes to social programs that have been introduced over the past 10 years by both the Tories and the Liberals, largely through budgetary measures. The report concludes that the 1995 Budget represents a fundamental turning point in Canadian social policy that will see a decline in the role and influence of the federal government in welfare, social services and health care."

The Dangers of Block Funding (PDF file)
Ken Battle and Sherri Torjman
February 1995
"The Dangers of Block Funding rings the alarm bell on rumours that the federal government will replace the Canada Assistance Plan’s cost-shared transfers to the provinces for welfare and social services with a ‘mega-block fund’ that would combine federal financial support to the provinces for health, postsecondary education, welfare and social services."

Another Look at Welfare Reform (Autumn 1997)
- an in-depth analysis by the National Council of Welfare of changes in Canadian welfare programs in the 1990s.
The report focuses on the provincial and territorial reforms that preceded the repeal of the Canada Assistance Plan and those that followed the implementation of the Canada Health and Social Transfer.
Complete report online - large file (300K+) but well worth the wait for detailed information on welfare reforms in the 1990s in each Canadian jurisdiction, as well as a national overview of the broad issues of welfare reform and the setting for welfare reform in Canada
Source:
National Council of Welfare

BACK to the list of topics
..

A State of the Art Review of Income Security Reform in Canada
Jane Pulkingham & Gordon Ternowetsky (1998)
International Development Research Centre*
(Click on the title of the report above to go directly to the table of contents.
The entire report is online)

- Includes an extensive, detailed overview of income security reforms in Canada in the 1990s, specifically around the Canada Health and Social Transfer, a review and typology of current research in virtually every area of federal and provincial/territorial social programs and a section on the impact of changes since the CHST and related social reforms.
- Recommended reading for anyone looking for information about the critical forces that have shaped income security programs in Canada and that continue to do so as we approach the new millennium.
- Topics covered include welfare reforms, the National Child Benefit and child poverty, unemployment/employment insurance reforms, pension reform and the retirement income system, labour market policies, the Social Union, income security reforms in the broader context of social security reform, etc.
*The International Development Research Centre website also includes many links to information on similar reforms in developing countries
"The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Canadian government to help communities in the developing world find solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems through research."
Complete reports online include the following:

Social Policy Challenges in a Global Society
by Keith Banting (1995)
- An extensive and excellent treatise on globalization, trade agreements, social need and reforms.

Establishing an Effective Social Policy Agenda with Constrained Resources
by Peter Hicks (1995)
- An excellent article written by a senior HRDC official at the time. It presents some interesting historical information about the evolution of Canadian social programs from the sixties to the early nineties.
- Social historians will be particularly interested in the author's analysis of the 1994 SSR discussion paper...

Social Policy Reform in Canada Under Regional Economic Integration by Albert Berry
- This article covers issues such as the harmonization and convergence of social programs, rationalization, privatization, cost-saving, competitiveness and social policy reform.

*The International Development Research Centre website also includes many links to information on similar reforms in developing countries
"The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Canadian government to help communities in the developing world find solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems through research."

NOTES:
1. Go to the Canadian Social Research Links Medicare Debate in Canada Links page for all links to info concerning federal contributions to provincial-territorial health care costs and fiscal imbalance between the two levels of government.
2. The content below is arranged in reverse chronological order; the top link is the one most recently added to this page (but not always the most recent in terms of dates)...

From Finance Canada:

Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories
This is the most comprehensive collection of federal government information you'll find online concerning federal transfers to the provinces and territories for health, post-secondary education, social assistance and social services (including early childhood development). From April 1996 until March 2004, federal government contributions for these program areas were combined in a single block transfer called the Canada Health and Social Transfer.

There are four main transfer programs: The Canada Health Transfer (CHT), the Canada Social Transfer (CST), Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing (TFF).

Major Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories
- transfers to each province and territory, covering the period from 2005-06 to 2008-09, for the four major transfer programs.

Canada Health Transfer
"the primary federal transfer to provinces and territories in support of health care"

Canada Social Transfer
"a federal block transfer to provinces and territories in support of post-secondary education, social assistance and social services, including early childhood development and early learning and childcare"

Federal Support for Early Childhood Development Early Learning and Childcare

A Brief History of the Health and Social Transfers
- from the launch of the Canada Assistance Plan in 1966 to September 2004

Equalization Program
- incl. detailed info on how equalization is calculated, plus total equalization entitlements by province and territory from 1993-94 to 2006-07

Associated Equalization

Federal Investments - 2003 Accord on Health Care Renewal

Federal Support for Diagnostic and Medical Equipment

Territorial Formula Financing

Alternative Payments for Standing Programs and the Quebec Abatement

Beginning Today Canada’s New Government Is Providing
Funding to the Provinces and Territories to Restore Fiscal Balance
News Release
June 28, 2007
The Honourable Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, confirmed that with the passage of Bill C-52, $39 billion in new funding over the next seven years will start flowing to the provinces and territories today.

Context:
The following link takes you to Finance Canada's detailed and up-to-date presentation on federal transfers to provinces and territories for health and social programs; the whole section is worth exploring, but the link to the Equalization section is active so you can access information on how equalization works and the changes implemented by the 2007 federal budget.

Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories
- incl. links to info about : Major Federal Transfers - Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories - The Canada Health Transfer and the Canada Social Transfer - Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing - Other Transfers - Fiscal Balance - Multimedia - Related Links - Archive

Source:
Department of Finance Canada

Related links:

Equalization: Atlantic discord and federal fumbling
June 29
"(...) A serious, independent re-assessment of Canada’s financial arrangements – away from the heat of the present skirmishes – is urgently needed."
Source:
The ChronicleHerald.ca (Halifax)

Google News Search Results : "Equalization Program"

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Federal-Provincial Transfers for Social Programs
in Canada: Their Status in May 2004 (PDF file - 450K, 20 pages)
IRPP Working Paper Series no. 2004-07
By Stephen Laurent and François Vaillancourt
July 2004
- Good historical info, recommended reading!
Source:
Institute for Research on Public Policy

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Transfers to Provinces and Territories [2006] - A CBC News Interactive Feature (requires Flash Player)
"Ottawa will give out $62 billion in payments to the provinces and territories for health, social and equalization in 2006. Here's a look at how the spoils are split."
- click "Continue" on the first page of this CBC interactive feature to see a map of Canada that you can click to see, for each Canadian jurisdiction, not only total federal transfer payments in 2006, but also the breakdown of those payments into two streams: the Canada Health Transfer (covering provincial/territorial health insurance programs) and the Canada Social Transfer (covering approved costs of provincial/territorial post-secondary education lumped in with social assistance [welfare] and social services).
Source:
CBC News
NOTES:
1. Compare the numbers in this CBC presentation with those of the federal Finance Department (in the box with the red border below). Can YOU tell how much the federal government is contributing towards the cost of provincial/territorial welfare programs?
I didn't think so. Accountability - easy to promise, tough to deliver.

2. TO THE NICE FOLKS AT FINANCE CANADA:
If you really plan on Bringing Accountability Back to Government, you could start by splitting the Canada Social Transfer into two distinct components: one for post-secondary education and one for social assistance and social services.

Canada’s New Government Launches National Web-Based Consultations on Fiscal Balance
News Release
August 8, 2006
"The Honourable Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, on behalf of Canada’s new government, today launched online consultations to give Canadians the opportunity to provide their views on restoring fiscal balance."

The Consultations page:

Online Consultations on
Restoring Fiscal Balance in Canada
- The fiscal balance consultation ended September 8, 2006.

Minister of Finance Receives Expert Panel Reports
on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing
News Release
June 5, 2006
The Honourable Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, announced today that he has received the final reports on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing from the Expert Panel mandated by the Government of Canada to review these programs.

Equalization Report
HTML
PDF (1.9MB)

Equalization Executive Summary
HTML
PDF (338K)

Territorial Formula Financing Report
HTML
PDF (1.2MB)

Territorial Formula Financing Executive Summary
HTML
PDF (335K)

Source:
Expert Panel on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing Website
- incl. links to : Home - About the Panel - Consultations - Submissions - Research and Analysis - Media - Contact Us - Links
[ Finance Canada]

Related Links:

Include resource money in equalization program, experts say
June 5, 2006
An expert panel has recommended the federal equalization program be increased by nearly $900 million annually, by including at least some natural resource revenues in the way the historic program is calculated. Appointed by the former Liberal government, the panel has been studying ways to revamp the $10.9-billion program that pays money to have-not provinces. Its report comes in the midst of an unexpectedly fierce political fight over the program. Premiers from some of the wealthier provinces like Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia fear a too-enriched equalization scheme could eat into their tax base and tie Ottawa's hand.
Source:
CBC News

Google.ca News Search Results:
"provincial premiers, equalization"
Google.ca Web Search Results:
"provincial premiers, equalization"
Source:
Google.ca

National Standards and Social Programs:
What the Federal Government can do
September 1997
Political and Social Affairs Division

Excellent 44-page reference document dealing with various aspects of the federal government's involvement in provincial-territorial social programs
Historical Background:
- includes a brief historical overview of social programs since WWI, with special focus on the programs and standards as of the early seventies and developments since then, as well as analysis of he EPF Arrangements of 1977, the Canada Health Act, the Canada Health and Social Transfer, fiscal trends and a comparative analysis of current standards with historical ones
The Jurisdictional Basis:
- incl. Education - Health - Income Support (Social Assistance, Social Insurance)
Intergovernmental Processes:
A. Major Mechanisms (Taxation: National Standards through the Back Door, The Federal Spending Power: National Standards C.O.D., Shared or Divided Policy Fields: National Standards by Gamesmanship, Charter Rights and Affirmations: National Standards through Constitutional Politics, and Intergovernmental Agreements: National Standards through Executive Federalism
B. Alternatives to Unilateralism: The Orchestration of Standards ( National Standards by Public Demand: The Power of Persuasion, National Standards and the "Information Age", National Standards by Interprovincial Consensus
Two Practical Considerations:
A. Political Will (Intergovernmental Pressures - Public Opinion)
B. Money (The Provincial Capacity Argument - The Effectiveness of Penalties - The "Political Loop" - A Concluding Note)
General Observations and Conclusions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix I:
Federal [social spending] Caps and Cuts, 1972-1995
- a chronology of federal policy and program changes during that period, including the Canada Assistance Plan, Established Programs Funding (EPF), Equalization and much more...

NOTE: "Responding to the combined impact of fiscal, intergovernmental and other pressures, the federal government has, since at least the mid-seventies, been engaged in what has been widely portrayed as a retreat from the social policy role established during the immediate post-war period."
Appendix I presents milestones from 1972 to 1996.
- This section of the report alone is worth the download - but you have to download the entire report to read it.
It's a concise chronology of federal government caps and cuts in funding to provinces and territories under a number of social transfer programs, including Established Programs Funding, Equalization, the Canada Assistance Plan, the Canada Health Act, even includes projected cuts under the Canada Health and Social Transfer

Appendix II : Further Poll Results
Source:
Parliamentary Library

The Size and Costs of Reduced Social Transfers (PDF file - 197K, 12 pages)
September 2003
Greg deGroot-Maggetti
"(...) while the federal government has increased CHST cash transfers several times since 1995, by 2002-03 the funding for post-secondary education and social services remained well below the levels of 1992-93, while health spending has increased."
- incl. links to : Cash Transfers 1992-93 to 2002-03 - The Costs of Reduced Social Transfers (The case of children in care - Tuition climbs, enrolment gap grows - Declining Social Assistance Incomes) - Restoring Canada’s Social Safety Net (Comparative Frameworks for National Social Investments - Early Learning and Child Care - Income security - Post-secondary education)
Source : Citizens for Public Justice

Paul Moist (CUPE President) tells the finance minister: quit starving the provinces
April 6, 2004
- outlines CUPE concerns about the federal/provincial equalization program as well as the Canada Health Transfer and the Canada Social Transfer.
- incl. sections on: Fiscal imbalance - the need to reform the Equalization formula in a fundamental way - the Canada Health Transfer - the Canada Social Transfer.
Source:
Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE)

Canada Post-Secondary Education Act (CAUT)
"The Canadian Association of University Teachers has long recognized that the health of Canada's universities and colleges depends on the federal government playing a major role in funding post-secondary education. The problem has been finding a suitable vehicle for doing so. The CAUT position since 1985 has been to advocate passage of a Canada Post-Secondary Education Act, analogous to the Canadian Health Act."
Source:
Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT)

LETTER TO THE PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA
Meeting of Premiers and Territorial Leaders
Québec, Quebec - February 3, 2000
(Regarding restoration of health funding under the CHST in the 2000 federal budget.)

Federal Government Moves to Implement its $23.4-Billion Commitment for Health and Social Funding
Press Release
Finance Canada
October 04, 2000
The $23.4-billion funding commitment will be provided as follows:
- An additional $21.1 billion over five years through increased funding for the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) for health, post-secondary education and social assistance and services. Of this increase, $2.2 billion is provided to support early childhood development.

Back to the Future?*
The June 9, 2000 edition of the Toronto Star includes a Canadian Press article about Paul Martin's appearance before the House Finance Committee on June 8. The article focuses largely on the Finance Minister's criticism of the Canadian Alliance Party's flat tax proposal. The federal Finance Department's site offers a link to the Minister's speech, but there is no mention of the flat tax in the speech; the Star references to the flat tax are rather to oral evidence provided in reply to questions from Committee members. You'll have to visit the website of the Standing Committee on Finance to see if they posted the proceedings of Mr. Martin's appearance.

*An article in the June 9 Ottawa Citizen, written by staff reporters, also mentions the Finance Minister's critique of the Alliance flat tax proposal, but adds: "Mr. Martin also hinted that the federal government may break up the federal Canada Health and Social Transfer to the provinces into three separate packages to ensure, for example, that funds for health care are used for health care. The transfer system sends tax dollars to the provinces to pay for health, education and welfare programs. "
In the Fall of 1997, the National Council of Welfare released a report entitled Another Look at Welfare Reform - a look back at Canadian welfare reforms in the nineties. Here's an excerpt from the first of its 15 recommendations: "The federal, provincial and territorial governments should agree to a new package of financial arrangements for social programs with the following four features: (...) four new "cash-only" deals to allow the federal government to defray the cost of medicare, post-secondary education, welfare and social services (...)"

Commission of Fiscal Imbalance (Government of Quebec)
"The Québec government set up the Commission of Fiscal Imbalance on May 9, 2001, to identify and analyze the basic causes of the fiscal imbalance between the federal government and Québec and to invite and collect opinions and suggestions from experts and stakeholders in Québec and elsewhere regarding the practical consequences of this imbalance and concrete solutions to put forward to correct it."
Bibliography - over 40 links to information (much of which is in English) by a variety of authors on CHST, CAP, Equalization, federal-provincial-territorial fiscal arrangements, transfer payments and economic and social policy issues.
An International Symposium on Fiscal imbalance that was to have been held in Québec City on September 13 and 14, 2001 was cancelled due to the events of September 11. The Symposium page includes links to the program and to notes from over a dozen presenters from 9 countries - some of which are extensive treatises of fiscal federalism and fiscal equilibrium.
Commission Publications - includes links to information on intergovernmental fiscal arrangments in Germany, Australia, Belgium, Spain, United States and Switzerland and three background papers, for example...
Federal Transfer Programs to the Provinces – Background Paper for public consultation (PDF file - 208K, 49 pages) --- CHST-Equalization

Fiscal Imbalances and the Financing of National Programs (PDF file - 23K, 5 pages)
Joe Ruggeri, July 2002
"This paper explores the state of government finances in Canada. It focusses upon the growing fiscal imbalance, commonly known as vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI), between the federal and provincial/territorial levels of government."
Source : Caledon Institute of Social Policy

NOTE:
For more links to the debate on health care funding and the fiscal imbalance in Canada, go to the Canadian Social Research Links Medicare Debate Links page and the Canadian Social Research Links Council of the Federation page.

The Insertion Model or the Workfare Model?
The Transformation of Social Assistance within Quebec and Canada
September 2002
Sylvie Morel, Université Laval
"This research project involves a comparative analysis of changes in social assistance policies in Canada, particularly in Quebec
- includes excellent historical welfare information!
Complete Report (HTML version)
Complete report (PDF version - 2.4MB, 190 pages)
"...we conclude, based on the cases of Quebec and Ontario, that Canada is currently evolving towards workfare, but encompasses several variants."
Source:
Policy Research Publications
[Status of Women Canada]

Since the implementation of the CHST - and especially since the launch in 1998 of the National Child Benefit and related provincial/territorial investments and reinvestments - the field of welfare in Canada has been getting fuzzier. Most welfare programs are still readily identifiable (see the Canadian Social Research Links Key Welfare Links page), but as time goes on, jurisdictions are moving children's benefits out of welfare and into other income-tested programs (see the bottom of the Key Welfare Links page for more detail on that...) and merging, for reasons of efficiency, programs that were not cost-shared as social assistance under CAP.

Pity the poor social researcher who is attempting to track changes in the Canadian welfare system since the nineties.
[See Welfare Statistics on this page for detailed information on welfare caseloads and expenditures during this tumultuous period.]

Hard to dismantle a bad deal
May 5, 2004
Carole Goar
"When governments bundle disparate bits and pieces into one big package — an omnibus bill, a multi-purpose program or a block funding plan — it's a good idea to be suspicious. There is usually a hidden snare. Canada's premiers learned that, nine years ago, when Paul Martin sold them a package deal that cost them dearly. It is still doing residual damage."
Source:
The Toronto Star

The Federal Finance Minister responds to the
Canadian Council on Social Development
June 14, 2007
Earlier this year CCSD wrote to the Prime Minister and his Finance Minister about the importance of social development and the Canada Social Transfer (CST). The letter emphasized the need for increased, predictable and stable funding for social development as part of sound planning and effective investment in this country. The Finance Minister's response has been posted on the Policy Initiatives section of the CCSD website, along with other materials connected to work on the CST.

NOTE: On the Policy Initiatives page of the CCSD website, you'll find related content, including:
* The Honourable Roy Romanow on the importance of the CST (October, 2004)
* Federation of Canadian Municipalities adopts a resolution on the CST (January 2005)
* What Kind of Canada? A Call for a National Debate on the Canada Social Transfer (April, 2004)
The New Social Architecture Series:
* The World We Have: Towards a New Social Architecture, by Katherine Scott, CCSD
* Postponed Adulthood: Dealing with the New Economic Inequality
* more...

The New Canada Social Transfer:
Impetus for a Renewed Era of Innovative Social Policy in Canada?
Notes for Remarks by The Honourable Roy J. Romanow, P.C.
National Arts Centre
Ottawa, Ontario
October 14, 2004
"Since April of this year, the CCSD has been working to draw more attention to issues surrounding Canada’s Social Transfer. We have been doing this with a multi-pronged approach that includes community meetings across the country, discussions with decision-makers and media interviews. On October 14, 2004, we continued this effort with a luncheon address by the Honourable Roy Romanow. The event took place at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa."

Copps recall foggy, but she's not totally wrong : she was likely thinking of
abandonment of national standards in the demise of the Canada Assistance Plan, not the Canada Health Act
October 29, 2004
By Vincent Calderhead and Martha Jackman
"The Sheila Copps-Paul Martin Canada Health Act dispute is intriguing. Copps says in a new book that Martin had intended in his 1995 budget to scrap the Canada Health Act as a sop to the provinces, which faced a 40 per cent cut to federal cash transfers. Martin denies this and those around him at the time back him up. (...) But what she might have been thinking about in the '95 budget was the Canada Assistance Plan. CAP was the federal legislation that, from the mid-'60s until its repeal in the 1995 budget, required provinces to ensure that their social assistance programs respected national standards."
Source:
The Toronto Star

2005 Public Accounts of Canada Tabled
September 29, 2005
"The Public Accounts of Canada for 2005, which include the Financial Statements of the Government of Canada were tabled in the House of Commons on September 29, 2005. The three volumes can be obtained in print from the Government of Canada Publications."
Click the link above to access the complete report in individual PDF files:
* Volume I - Summary Report and Financial Statements (PDF 2.0Mb)
* Volume II - Details of Expenses and Revenues (PDF 2.8Mb)
* Volume III - Additional Information and Analyses (PDF 3.7Mb)
Unpublished detailed information relating to Sections 4, 5 and 7 of Volume III of the Public Accounts of Canada 2005 are as follows:
* Section 4 (Professional and Special Services) (PDF 882kb)
* Section 5 (Acquisition of Land, Buildings and Works) (PDF 348kb)
* Section 7 (Transfer Payments) (PDF file - 2.1MB, 251 pages)
Section 7 includes detailed info about:
- $31 Billion in 2004-2005 in Payments under the Canada Health Transfer (CHT), the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST), the Health Reform Transfer (HRT) and other targeted federal transfers in support of health
- $14.5 Billion in 2004-2005 in Payments under the Canada Social Transfer (CST) in support of post-secondary education, social assistance and social services, including early childhood development and early learning and childcare
In 2004-2005, Finance Canada made payments of $45.7 billion through the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, the Health Reform Transfer, and other targeted federal transfers in support of health and social services, including both cash and tax transfers. The amount of these cash and tax transfers in 2004-2005 is shown in the above table. In April 2004 the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) was split into the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) and the Canada Social Transfer (CST). The CHT is a block-fund transfer to provinces and territories to provide financial support for the provision of health. The CST is a block-fund transfer to provinces and territories in support of post-secondary education, social assistance and social services, including early childhood development and early learning and childcare. Both transfers are a combination of tax point and cash transfers.
[Extract from Section 7, page 248]

*Pre-CAP*	*CAP Legislation* CHST Legislation CST Legislation (incl. the social assistance residency question)	*The "cap on CAP"*	*From CAP to the CHST*
*History of CAP*	*Welfare Statistics*	*1994 Social Security Review* (incl. full-text discussion paper, plus supplementary papers on CAP, guaranteed annual income, income security for children and people with disabilities)	*Analyses/Critiques of CAP and the CHST*
*A State of the Art Review of Income Security Reform in Canada* Pulkingham and Ternowetsky Online Report (Summer 1998)	*CAP, Rights and Workfare* Workfare or Work Activity Project?		*Another Look at Welfare Reform* (Fall 1997 - National Council of Welfare) [welfare reforms pre- and post-CHST]
	*post-CHST* (incl. Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories) ==> including info about the Canada Social Transfer <===		*The Right to Welfare*

°Canada Assistance Plan°
°Canada Health and Social Transfer°
°Canada Health Transfer°
°Canada Social Transfer°

°Régime d'Assistance publique du Canada°
°Transfert canadien sur les programmes de santé et les programmes sociaux°
°Transfert canadien en matière de santé°
°Transfert canadien en matière de programmes sociaux°

°Canada Assistance Plan°°Canada Health and Social Transfer°°Canada Health Transfer°°Canada Social Transfer°

°Régime d'Assistance publique du Canada°°Transfert canadien sur les programmes de santé et les programmes sociaux°°Transfert canadien en matière de santé°°Transfert canadien en matière de programmes sociaux°

°Canada Assistance Plan°
°Canada Health and Social Transfer°
°Canada Health Transfer°
°Canada Social Transfer°

°Régime d'Assistance publique du Canada°
°Transfert canadien sur les programmes de santé et les programmes sociaux°
°Transfert canadien en matière de santé°
°Transfert canadien en matière de programmes sociaux°