Welfare Reforms in Canada

Réformes de l'aide sociale au Canada

Updated September 21, 2005
Page révisée le 21 septembre 2005

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[ Go to Canadian Social Research Links Home Page ]

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Table of contents for this page: Scroll down the page or use one of the links below to jump to a particular section further down on the page. If a link isn't working, wait until your browser finishes loading the page and try again... Welfare in Canada - 2005 - Historical Welfare Reforms - Canadian Welfare Reforms in the Nineties - Key Government Departments and Reports  - Federal  - Provincial/Territorial - National Reforms - The National Child Benefit (NCB) - Provincial/Territorial Reforms  -Two-Tier Welfare in Canada - Another Look at Welfare Reform (Fall 1997, National Council of Welfare) - Welfare Incomes report (annual, National Council of Welfare) - A State of the Art Review of Income Security Reform in Canada (Summer 1998, Pulkingham and Ternowetsky) - A few words about workfare - The Right to Welfare - Have Canadian welfare reforms succeeded? - Welfare Leavers (Statistics Canada study, March 2003) - Social assistance trends in incidence, entry and exit rates (StatCan, August 2004) ===> includes followup article: Social Assistance by Province, 1993-2003

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NOTE: This page offers links to information about welfare reforms in Canada from an historical perspective and on a national scale. It hasn't been updated since September 2005, but it contains some historical nuggets... For links to information about provincial-territorial welfare reforms, go to the home page of this site and select a jurisdiction in the left-hand column of the page. See also: Anti-Poverty Strategies and Campaigns in Canada and Elsewhere <===New page of links, March 2008

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Poverty in Canada - incl. links to : * History of poverty in Canada * Measures of poverty in Canada * Low income groups in Canada * Effects of poverty in Canada * Assistance for poor people in Canada (Government transfers and intervention - Non-governmental assistance) * more...

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Welfare in Canada is also known as social assistance, income support, income assistance and a few other program names, depending on the jurisdiction. Whatever the name of the program in BC or Nova Scotia, welfare is financial assistance of last resort - granted only after all other financial resources have been exhausted.

Individuals and families in financial need must submit an application for assistance to a provincial/territorial government authority. Each government administers its welfare system in accordance with its own welfare statute and regulations. It's usually those regulations that stipulate what makes up the "needs test" (called "means test" in other countries) used to establish the eligibility of a single person or a family for welfare.

The needs test compares the applicant's financial resources (income and assets) and his/her needs.
Regulations of the province or the territory define what is considered income and assets as well as regular and special needs for the purposes of the program. Assistance can cover basic needs (food, clothing, household and personal needs, and shelter) as well as one-time and regularly-recurring special needs (e.g., moving allowance, ongoing prescription drugs). There are administrative rules, and these differ for the various client categories - employables, people with disabilities, single-parent families, etc. On one of the pages on this site, Canadian Welfare Policy Manuals, you'll find links to detailed welfare program information in many (but not all) Canadian jurisdictions.

Different eligibility tests used in Canadian financial assistance programs: Here's a quick overview of the various types of tests used in Canada to establish eligibility for income maintenance and social assistance programs in Canada: Income test: - only the applicant's income (and not his/her assets) is considered in determining eligibility for the program. Eligibility for many of Canada’s income security programs is based on an income-test, including the Canada Child Tax Benefit, the Guaranteed Income Supplement [click for more info] and the Spouse’s Allowance under the Old Age Security program, and the refundable Goods and Services Tax Credit. Needs test (used only in provincial-territorial welfare programs): - involves determination of the applicant's assets, income and regularly-recurring needs (all of which are defined and quantified in provincial welfare regulation). After the assets of the household are examined and determined to be within the approved exemption limits, the household's non-exempted income is compared with its needs, and if there is a budget deficit, assistance may be granted. Provincial-territorial social assistance (welfare) programs are all needs-tested. (See the Canadian Social Research Links Key Provincial and Territorial Government Welfare Links page for relevant links). Means test: - in Canada, the "means test" was (long ago) used to determine eligibility for some types of income assistance programs. The means test involved establishing that the applicant's means, i.e., assets and income, were less than the standards set for the program. All eligible applicants received the same benefit, which was a flat-rate amount. Some of the programs that were folded into the Canada Assistance Plan in 1966, such as Blind Persons' Allowances and Disabled Persons' Allowances, used the means test approach. Where a client's assets and income were below set thresholds, the person received $75 per month. BUT... In the international jargon, a means test is the same* as Canada's needs test --- assets, income and needs are all taken into consideration. [*...except when an author uses the expression in the generic sense, i.e., "tested according to the means (or resources) of the applicant."]

For a detailed review of the framework of Canadian welfare programs, see Social Assistance in Canada, 1994 - click on "Manuscript (questions)". The information is presented in question-and-answer format, and it's an important snapshot of welfare in Canada in 1994 as well as a good general overview of social assistance in the era of 50-50 cost sharing between the federal and provincial/territorial governments. It's over 40 pages of information on eligibility, benefits, administrative rules, caseloads, legislative framework, and more. It includes information about cost-sharing of welfare costs between the federal and provincial/territorial governments under the Canada Assistance Plan. This work was part of a larger study of social assistance in 24 countries released by the OECD early in 1996.

Today in Canada, it works much the same - on paper, at least - as it did in 1996, when the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) was created as a vehicle for federal contributions to provincial/territorial social assistance programs (and welfare services, and child welfare, and other selected social programs). What's changed, some would argue, is the size of the stick and the carrot that are both part of the system.

Since the mid-1990s, when the Canada Health and Social Transfer replaced the Canada Assistance Plan, a number of jurisdictions have "taken children's benefits out of the welfare system" by means of a provincial/territorial benefit that's paid to parents on behalf of children in all low-income families. Go to the Key Provincial and Territorial Welfare Links page of this site and click on "welfare rates" for more information on welfare rates for families with children.

Another Look at Welfare Reform (released by the National Council of Welfare in the fall of 1997) is a 125-page chronicle of welfare reforms in Canada, both at the federal level and in each Canadian province and territory, throughout the 1990s (up to the fall of 1997).

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New from the Social Research and Demonstration Corporation:

Learning What Works — Volume 5, Number 1 (PDF file - 1.7MB, 15 pages)
Spring 2005
Newsletter
Table of Contents:
- Asset-Building Strategies for the Poor: Is Policy Ahead of Research?
- Whither Welfare? (Excellent overview of recent welfare reforms in Canada and the U.S.!)
- One-on-One Help for Addressing the Employment Needs of Long-Term Unemployed IA Clients
- Why Experience-Rate the EI Program?
- School Readiness: Evidence From the Manitoba 2004 EDI Parent Survey
- Bulletin Board

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Historical Welfare Reforms

Welfare reforms have been around as long as welfare programs themselves. Canada's Unique Social History (from Steven Hick of Carleton University in Ottawa) is an invaluable online resource for anyone interested in the evolution of social programs in the world and in Canada. It comprises eight modules, each filled with links to more information and Internet resources. Module 3, The Rise of Income Security, covers Canadian welfare reforms from pre-Confederation days to the Canada Health and Social Transfer. Module 2, The Rise of Capitalism and Social Welfare, offers historical information on welfare and welfare reforms back to the Middle Ages.

Also from Steve Hick :

Social Work Glossary (Click on Glossary link in the left column - 600+ terms)

 

Other Canadian Sites

The Evolution of the Canada Assistance Plan is an appendix to the 1985 Nielsen Task Force report on CAP. It was written by an official of the federal Department of Health and Welfare (the "home" of CAP) at the time, it includes a gold mine of historical information on Canadian social programs of last resort in the twentieth century.

The 1967-68 Annual Report of the Canada Assistance Plan also offers some historical perspectives on welfare programs going back to the Old Age Pensions Act of 1927.

Ministry of Community and Social Services:
Supporting Ontario's communities since 1930
The year 2005 is the 75th anniversary of the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.
Click on the link above and then, on the next page, scroll down to "Stories from our Past" for links to six short historical bits about welfare and social services in Ontario in the last century and even before.
Origins of the welfare department (1930) - breaking 650 lbs. of rocks to qualify for welfare in 1915 - houses of refuge - the Mothers' Allowance Act (1920) - the first foray into the field of day care in the mid-40s - the Soldier's Aid Commission (est. 1915).

 

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Canadian Welfare Reforms in the Nineties

Welfare to Work Study
King's College (University of Western Ontario)
Caroline A. Gorlick, Ph.D/Associate Professor, King's College, is the principal investigator of this research project and Guy Brethour is the research associate/coordinator.
"The National Welfare to Work Study funded by Social Development Partnerships (Human Resources Development Canada) has 3 main objectives:
- to produce an inventory of the different types of welfare to work programs emerging across the country
- to analyze the dynamic relationship between program design, community resources and individual/family capacities
- to assess the impact of the linkage between program design, community resources and individual/family capacities on program success.
The first objective has been completed with the collection of comprehensive information on all provinces/territories' welfare to work programs. Both the National Inventory on Welfare to Work in Canada and an accompanying discussion paper entitled National Welfare to Work Programs: from new mandates to exiting bureaucracies to individual and program accountability was published and disseminated by the Canadian Council on Social Development in the fall of 1998. The other objectives were addressed in Phase 2 of the study which included data collection in six Canadian communities. All the communities had experiences with welfare to work program implementation. Phase 2 also involved updating the original National Inventory on Welfare to Work in Canada. The final report will be disseminated in the winter of 2002."

Welfare to Work Phase 2 Update - reports for every province and territory are now available on the site. They contain detailed information about welfare-to-work programs and services --- eligibility, supports, funding, assessment and review, planned program changes and much more - all revised to reflect what was happening at the end of 2001 across Canada.

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Welfare-toWork: The Next Generation
A National Forum
(followup to the Welfare to Work Study)
November 16 – 18, 2003
UPDATE - February 2, 2004
Profiles, Papers and Presentations (abstracts / Powerpoint presentations / complete papers)
- links to 40+ papers and presentations from the Welfare to Work Forum are now available for download - includes keynote speeches, transcripts of sessions, powerpoint presentations and more.
Source:
Community Services Council of Newfoundland and Labrador

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Reconnecting Social Assistance Recipients to the Labour Market Lessons Learned - Final Report Evaluation and Data Development Strategic Policy Human Resources Development Canada March 2000 Source : Evaluation and Data Development (Human Resources Development Canada)

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Key Federal Government Departments and Reports

The Department of Finance is currently the lead federal Department with respect to social assistance in Canada. It is responsible for the administration of the Canada Health and Social Transfer, the federal transfer (block fund) to provinces and territories covering health, post-secondary education and welfare. The Department has its own social policy shop in the Federal-Provincial Relations and Social Policy Branch . A key document for researchers is Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories, which provides a detailed summary of how the federal government contributes to the cost of provincial and territorial welfare programs (among others) - *See also A Brief History of the Health and Social Transfers - from the launch of the Canada Assistance Plan in 1966 to 2007, a helpful chronology of the evolution of federal contributions to the provincial/territorial level of government from 1966 to date.

Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC) had a broad mandate that included areas such as employment insurance, human resources investment (Canada Student Loans, Canada Education Savings Grant), Income Security Programs (Old Age Security and the Canada Pension Plan), and labour.  On December 12, 2003, when Paul Martin took office as Prime Minister of Canada, Human Resources Development Canada was split into two departments --- Social Development Canada (SDC) and Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC). Until 1993-94, the Department of National Health and Welfare (NHW) was responsible for the administration of the Canada Assistance Plan or CAP. CAP was the federal statute that enabled federal contributions to the provinces and territories towards the cost of social assistance - or welfare - and social services (as well as other approved social programs and services). ------ The Canadian Social Research Links Canada Assistance Plan and Canada Health and Social Transfer Resources Page has over 100 links to information about CAP and the CHST --- and, since April 2004, about the Canada Health Transfer and the Canada Social Transfer . -----  This mandate was transferred to HRDC in 1993 along with the rest of the "welfare side" of Health and Welfare Canada when the federal government created HRDC as a "super-ministry" to deal with income support and labour market programming in a more integrated manner. Social Development Canada works with provincial and territorial government departments responsible for social assistance to eliminate duplication and overlap between programs and with working groups under the auspices of the Social Union initiative; Human Resources and Skills Development Canada is involved in activities under federal-provincial-territorial labour market agreements. Check out the official Social Union website for more information on the National Child Benefit (including the NCB progress reports and NCB reinvestment reports, or visit my Unofficial Social Union Page for links to related material that's not on the official site. You might also want to check out my Provincial/Territorial Social Union Pages to see what provinces and territories are doing in the area of NCB reinvestments.

Health Canada - like HRDC - monitors provincial and territorial health insurance ("Medicare") programs to ensure compliance with federal standards. Read the Canada Health Act Overview to see how Medicare works in Canada, including funding by the federal government under the Canada Health and Social Transfer. See the Canada Health Act Annual Reports for detailed information on the administration of the CHA, federal contributions and payments and each of the provincial and territorial health insurance plans under the CHA.  See also the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada (the Romanow Commission)

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) pays for social assistance for Aboriginal people on reserve. The Department's website includes a lot of information about the federal government's relationship with its Native people. See the  INAC site map for links to everything on one page, including the Final Report of the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) and the Federal Government's Response to RCAP. See also "First Nations NCB Reinvestments" - part of The National Child Benefit Progress Report: 1999

The Canada Revenue Agency (formerly Revenue Canada) is responsible for the delivery of the Canada Child Tax Benefit (CCTB), which is the name of the federal benefit paid under the National Child Benefit initiative, and of some provincial and territorial financial benefits that are also under the NCB.  The Canada Revenue Agency's Family Benefits Page includes a wealth of information about the Canada Child Tax Benefit and the National Child Benefit. It also includes information concerning related provincial and territorial programs administered by Revenue Canada: Alberta Family Employment Tax Credit - BC Family Bonus - New Brunswick Child Tax Benefit - Newfoundland and Labrador Child Benefit - Northwest Territories Child Benefit - Nova Scotia Child Benefit - Nunavut Child Benefit - Saskatchewan Child Benefit - Yukon Child Benefit Revenue Canada is involved only in the distribution of benefits, not the related policy-making.

Note: these are not the only federal departments involved in Canadian social policy, but rather the main federal players in the area of social assistance policy.

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Key Provincial/Territorial Government Departments and Reports
 

Provincial and territorial welfare departments play the most important role in the design, administration and delivery social assistance programs, although the role of Finance departments cannot be understated. You'll find links to welfare information for each province and territory on the Key Welfare Links page of this site. On that page there are further links to each jurisdiction, e.g., Saskatchewan Links - where you can find some welfare reform info and documents specific to that jurisdiction. The federal Department of Finance has a Public Finance Hotlinks Page that includes links to Finance departments in all Canadian jurisdictions as well as nine other countries (scroll down past the "General" and "Canada" sections)

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National Reforms
Although provincial and territorial welfare programs have been in constant evolution as long as they have been around, the 1990s have produced so much profound change in the way programs are funded and delivered, that some academics have called this round of reforms a "paradigm shift", a reaffirmation of the old principles of self-sufficiency that preceded the progressive social reforms started after the Second World War.

The cap on CAP
The unofficial launch of the welfare reforms in Canada in this decade was the 1990 federal Expenditure Control Plan, which included a shift in federal funding in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Dubbed the "cap on CAP", this measure is often cited as "the beginning of the end" for CAP. A section in Another Look at Welfare Reform (see box below) entitled The Setting for Welfare Reform deals with the cap on CAP and other events that framed Canadian welfare reforms in the 1990s.

The 1994 Social Security Review was another national milestone in Canadian welfare reform, if only because of the number of informative reports that were produced and released during its short lifespan. The Review was launched by Lloyd Axworthy (Minister of Human Resources and Development) in January 1994, and a number of consultation papers were released in the fall and winter of 1994-95. By then, however, federal-provincial relations were strained as a result of federal cuts in the 1994 federal Budget (tabled less than a month after the announcement of the Review). Following the tabling of the 1995 Budget - announcing the Canadian Social Transfer (later renamed the Health and Social Transfer) and its cuts coming into effect in April 1996, the Social Security Review fizzled into obscurity.

From the Canada Assistance Plan to the Canada Health and Social Transfer is a series of links to information about CAP and its successor the CHST, from the 1995 federal Budget to 1999 Budget papers on transfers to the provinces and territories. These links focus on the federal dimension of the transition.

Women and the CHST: A Profile of Women Receiving Social Assistance in 1994
 March 1998
 Katherine Scott, Centre for International Statistics
 Canadian Council on Social Development
Funded by Status of Women Canada's Policy Research Fund

The National Child Benefit - part of the federal-provincial-territorial Social Union The National Child Benefit Progress Report: 2003 (PDF file - 3.3MB, 86 pages) March 2005 Report finds government supports increasing for low income families News Release April 6, 2005 "OTTAWA—The National Child Benefit (NCB) Progress Report: 2003 released today by Federal/Provincial/Territorial Ministers Responsible for Social Services1 confirms that government investments for low-income families with children continue to increase. Federal support to low-income families in 2002-2003 had risen from $5.6 billion in 2001-2002 to $5.7 billion in 2002-2003. It is projected to reach $6.4 billion in 2004-2005. The report further shows that provincial and territorial governments and First Nations have increased their expenditures for low-income children and families through the National Child Benefit initiative to $764.2 million in 2002-2003. This funding supports programs and services, including child benefits and earned income supplements, child/day care initiatives, early childhood services and children-at-risk services, youth initiatives, and supplementary health benefits." Source: National Child Benefit website National Child Benefit Misconception The popular misconception: "The federal government should take measures to make sure that provinces don't claw back the federal increase in the Canada Child Tax Benefit from families' social assistance benefits." The Fact: The clawback is actually part of the NCB design, by agreement of the governments of all provinces and territories (except Quebec) and the federal government. Read the excerpt below from the Second Report on Social Policy Renewal: Progress Report to Premiers - No. 2 (PDF file - 72K, 18 pages) July 1997 Excerpt (page 8) "Federal/provincial/territorial governments have agreed on a joint NCB approach that involves three simultaneous steps. First, the federal government will increase its benefits for low-income families with children through an increase in the Canada Child Tax Benefit. Second, provinces and territories will make corresponding decreases in their social assistance payments for families with children while ensuring these families receive at least the same level of income support from governments. Third, provinces and territories will reinvest these newly-available funds in complementary programs targeted at benefits and services for low income families with children." News Release: Social Policy Renewal August 8, 1997 From the 38th Annual Premiers' Conference St. Andrews-by-the-Sea, New Brunswick See also: "Building a Better Future for Canadian Children" - click on "Social Assistance Adjustments" National Child Benefit Booklet September 1997 "As the federal benefit increases, provinces and territories will decrease benefits for social assistance recipients. This decrease will not exceed the amount of the federal increase - the total benefit available to social assistance families will remain at least the same"

Provincial/Territorial Social Union Pages - links to a large collection of information on NCB reinvestments

The Unofficial Social Union page - links to everything you wanted to know about the Social Union --- and more.

Family Benefits Page (Revenue Canada) - explains the Canada Child Tax Benefit (federal benefit) and provincial reinvestments under the NCB.

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Where do we go from here?

Alliance tackles welfare reform - Ontario/Canada
Oct. 25, 2004
By Carol Goar
Toronto City Summit Alliance teams up with St. Christopher House to help improve income support for working age adults
"They are launching — and paying for — a non-governmental review of the safety nets that are failing millions of low-income adults. They intend to build public support for a modern, sustainable income security system. (...) Using its contacts in the senior echelons of business, academe and public life, it hopes to mount a powerful campaign to fix what is wrong."
Source:
The Toronto Star

Related Links:

Toronto City Summit Alliance
St. Christopher House
- Modernize Income Security for Working Age Adults
- Income Security for Working-age Adults in Ontario

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Social Policy in the 21st Century
August 2004 Issue
Policy Options
To read any article, click the above link and (on the next page) select the article you wish to read by clicking on its link; all files are in PDF format.
Back to the future - the rear-view mirror provides glimpses of what lies ahead for income security in the 21st century by Havi Echenberg
New century, new risks: the Marsh Report and the post-war welfare state in Canada by Antonia Maioni
'In the national interest': a social policy agenda for a new century - restore cooperative federalism, modernize medicare, put children first by Tom Kent
Social policy and the knowledge economy: new century, new paradigm by Thomas J. Courchene
Relative poverty - it can't be erased, but it must be addressed, at home and abroad by Hugh Segal
Choix politiques et solidarité sociale à l'heure de la mondialisation by Keith G. Banting
Health care markets and the health care guarantee: baking a better loaf, or baking enough bread? by Paul Jacobson
The 'other' health system: reflections on the dark side of the moon of health and health care in Canada by Hugh Scott
L'école à l'aube du XXIe siècle : retour vers le future by Louis LeVasseur and Maurice Tardif
Universities in the new millennium: heading toward a new culture by Brian Flemming
Access to degrees in the knowledge economy by Dave Marshall
Time for plain talk about social policy by William Watson

Back Issues of Policy Options (back to 1997, full text of hundreds of articles)

Source:
Institute for Research on Public Policy

Provincial/Territorial Reforms

Social Assistance Statistical Report: 2005
August 2006 (Second edition)
Report prepared by:
Federal-Provincial-Territorial Directors of Income Support

"This is the second edition of the Social Assistance Statistical Report: 2004 of the Federal, Provincial and Territorial Directors of Income Support. The Social Assistance Statistical Report: 2005 provides provincial-territorial income support (primarily social assistance) statistics."

NOTE: Chapter Two of the report is a five-page descriptive overview of social assistance in Canada in 2005. It provides information about the federal contributions to provincial, territorial and municipal social assistance under the Canada Assistance Plan (1996-1996), the Canada Health and Social transfer (1996-2004) and the Canada Social Transfer (2004 to date).
Other chapters provide, for each province and territory, some general information of eligibility (including asset and income exemption levels) and benefits, as well as an impressive number of statistical tables, graphs and charts providing numbers of cases and beneficiaries (time series statistics going back as far as the mid-1990s, depending on the jurisdiction), profile information (age/education/sex of household head, cases by reason for assistance) and even (for most jurisdictions) the percentage of households reporting income.

Complete report
in one PDF file - (921K, 174 pages)

Link to the first edition of this report:
Social Assistance Statistical Report: 2004

Source:
Social Program Analysis
Strategic Policy - Children and Families
NOTES:
1. this is where I worked before my retirement in 2003 - Gilles
2. yes, I know that the link above takes you to a page called "Social Policy", but the group's name changes more often than its website, and that's where you'll find the social assistance statistical report.
3. be sure to click the link above and peruse the list of reports that are available on this page - the words "Gold Mine" come to mind. The words "Best-Kept Secret" also spring to mind, because the reports on this page tend to just appear here as if by magic, without so much as a peep in the Departmental "What's New" page.
<Argh.>
[ Policy and Strategic Direction Branch ]
[ Human Resources and Social Development Canada ]

Related historical reports from Social Policy Directorate of HRSDC:

Social Assistance in Canada, 1994
Over 40 pages of information on Canadian social assistance programs as they operated in 1994. Much of the information in this document is still as relevant today as it was back then - eligibility, benefits, administrative rules, and more. Includes information about cost-sharing of welfare costs under the Canada Assistance Plan. Question-and-answer format for quick reference. This work was part of a larger study of social assistance in 24 countries released by the OECD early in 1996. I was the author of this report, with a lot of input from a number of colleagues in the Department at the time. If you want a snapshot of what welfare was like in Canada before the Canada Health and Social Transfer in 1996, this is a pretty decent one - and it's free.

Social Security Statistics, Canada and Provinces - 1978-79 to 2002-03
- updated June 2005
[ Appendix A - methodological notes ]
- the SA Statistical report for 2004 contains no expenditure data.

Related Links from the National Council of Welfare:

Profiles of Welfare: Myths and Realities (Spring 1998)
- large statistical collection covering twenty years of data, examining variables like family types, reasons for assistance, age, education, duration of spells on assistance, housing and more.
NOTE: number-crunchers who specialize in welfare statistics can compare this report with the 2004 report above for some interesting observations --- but be careful about data incompatibilities between the two reports...

Number of People on Welfare, March 1995 to March 2005 (PDF file - 133K, 1 page)

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Two Tier Income Assistance (welfare)

Legislation in effect today creates single income assistance system - Manitoba
June 01, 2004
"Legislation creating a single system of income assistance in Manitoba and ensuring services are more consistent and effective becomes effective today, Family Services and Housing Minister Christine Melnick has announced. The Employment and Income Assistance Amendment Act makes the province responsible for administering all provincial income assistance in rural and northern Manitoba. The change to the single system was requested by the Association of Manitoba Municipalities (AMM) after the province began delivering all provincial income assistance in Winnipeg in 1999."
Source:
Department of Family Services and Housing

Municipal Assistance Program
"Prior to June 1, 2004, non-disabled single people, childless couples and two-parent families with children received assistance from their local municipality under the municipal assistance program."

Source:
Manitoba Department of Family Services and Housing

More about two-tier income assistance in Canada
Until the federal government implemented the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) as a vehicle for federal contributions to provincial-territorial welfare and social programs in the mid-1960s, two-tier social assistance was the norm in Canada. Two tiers meant that provincial governments provided assistance to anyone deemed "unemployable"(and their dependants), while municipalities were responsible for providing financial assistance of last resort to employable people in financial need (and their dependants) who were residing within their jurisdiction. The advent of CAP helped provinces and territories to consolidate their old categorical assistance programs for blindness, disability, unemployment and single parenthood into one needs-tested program. Moreover, within the first ten years of CAP, most Canadian jurisdictions had streamlined their two welfare systems into one, with the higher authority taking over the responsibility for providing financial assistance to anyone in financial need in the province/territory, regardless of the cause of that need. Differential treatment of "worthy and unworthy"clients (i.e., short-term employable vs long-term unemployable) has persisted in the form of tougher eligibility rules and lower benefit levels for employables even after systems were merged or unified. Three Canadian jurisdictions did not unify their two-tier systems along with the rest by the mid-1970s : Nova Scotia, Ontario and Manitoba. As of June 1, unification of income assistance is officially complete in Manitoba, the culmination of a process that started with the implementation of the Municipal Assistance Regulations in 1993. Nova Scotia also unified over a period of several years, starting with a pilot project in the Cape Breton region in 1995 and ending with the implementation of the Employment Support and Income Assistance Regulations in April 2001. In Ontario, despite the rhetoric of the former Conservative Government (which had promised in the 1995 election campaign to eliminate the two-tier welfare system), income assistance is still a two-tier affair --- the province still delivers the assistance program for people with disabilities, the Ontario Disability Supports Program (ODSP), and municipalities are still responsible for the delivery and part of the cost of Ontario Works (welfare for people with no disabilities); municipalities must also pay part of the cost of ODSP. [see the Guide to Welfare in Ontario for more info.]

[ Related links - go to the Manitoba page: http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/mbkmrk.htm ]

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The Insertion Model or the Workfare Model?
The Transformation of Social Assistance within Quebec and Canada
September 2002
Sylvie Morel, Université Laval
"This research project involves a comparative analysis of changes in social assistance policies in Canada, particularly in Quebec"
Complete Report (HTML version)
Complete report (PDF version - 2.4MB, 190 pages)
"...we conclude, based on the cases of Quebec and Ontario, that Canada is currently evolving towards workfare, but encompasses several variants."
Source:
Policy Research Publications
[Status of Women Canada]

Surveying US and Canadian Welfare Reform (PDF file - 838K, 68 pages)
August 2001
-incl links to :
Executive Summary
Introduction
1. Historical development of welfare in the United States
2. PRWORA—the end of welfare as Americans knew it
3. American states—experimentation and innovation
4. The results of PRWORA and state welfare reforms
5. Welfare in Canada
6. Provincial welfare reforms
7. Recommendations for Canada
Glossary
References
Source : Fraser Institute

A State of the Art Review of Income Security Reform in Canada Jane Pulkingham & Gordon Ternowetsky (1998)  International Development Research Centre* (Click on the title of the report above to go directly to the table of contents. The entire report is online) - Includes an extensive, detailed overview of income security reforms in Canada in the 1990s, specifically around the Canada Health and Social Transfer, a review and typology of current research in virtually every area of federal and provincial/territorial social programs and a section on the impact of changes since the CHST and related social reforms.  - Recommended reading for anyone looking for information about the critical forces that have shaped income security programs in Canada and that continue to do so as we approach the new millennium.  - Topics covered include welfare reforms, the National Child Benefit and child poverty, unemployment/employment insurance reforms, pension reform and the retirement income system, labour market policies, the Social Union, income security reforms in the broader context of social security reform, etc.  *The International Development Research Centre website also includes many links to information on similar reforms in developing countries  "The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Canadian government to help communities in the developing world find solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems through research."  Complete reports online include the following: Social Policy Challenges in a Global Society by Keith Banting (1995)  - An extensive and excellent treatise on globalization, trade agreements, social need and reforms.   Establishing an Effective Social Policy Agenda with Constrained Resources by Peter Hicks (1995)  - An excellent article written by a senior HRDC official at the time. It presents some interesting historical information about the evolution of Canadian social programs from the sixties to the early nineties.  - Social historians will be particularly interested in the author's analysis of the 1994 SSR discussion paper...  Social Policy Reform in Canada Under Regional Economic Integration by Albert Berry - This article covers issues such as the harmonization and convergence of social programs, rationalization, privatization, cost-saving, competitiveness and social policy reform.

Spouse-in-the-house : The Falkiner Case (Ontario)
The Falkiner case revolves around the issue of single parents and welfare.
On this Canadian Social Research Links page, you'll find background info, the official Court record of the May 13 (2002) decision and several related links. The June 2002 issue of the Fraser Forum (Fraser Institute) contains an article about the potential impact of the Court decision on welfare reforms elsewhere in Canada. On the Spouse-in-the-house page, you'll find a link to the issue that contains this article as well as a counterpoint commentary on the article by Vincent Calderhead, staff lawyer with Nova Scotia Legal Aid in Halifax and respected authority on matters relating to human rights and the Canadian Charter.

Ontario Municipal Government and Non-Governmental Organization Links Page - for critiques of welfare reforms in that province by Ontario NGOs.

Non-Governmental Organizations Links - critiques of social program reforms from a number of Canadian NGOs.

A few words about workfare

Most of what is called workfare today in Canada is actually a combination of tighter eligibility criteria, benefit cuts, a broadening of the definition of "employable" and more stringent enforcement of rules regarding reciprocity for employable people that existed even before CAP - and that continue to exist today.

There are two types of workfare in Canada today - formal and de facto.
[Of course, one could argue that the two types of workfare in Canada are the punitive approach and the human services approach, as does Sherrie Torjman of the Caledon  Institute of Social Policy in her online paper entitled Workfare: A Poor Law (PDF file - February 1996). But that's a whole other web page...]
Source : Caledon Institute of SocialPolicy
 

"Formal" or institutionalized workfare contains three essential elements, summed up as follows:  - work for a specific minimum number of work units (measured in hours or output) in a job that is designated or approved by the welfare authority, to qualify for the basic welfare benefit.  In 2001, the only Canadian jurisdiction where formal workfare exists for all employable people is Ontario, under one component of the Ontario Works program. In many other jurisdictions, there's a "learnfare/earnfare/trainfare"policy that's described in more detail on the CAP Resources Page of this site. All applicants under the Ontario Works program in Ontario (single people, couples with and without children, sole support parents, and people aged 60 to 64 years) must agree to participate in one of the program's three active parts: employment supports (job-search services, referral to basic education and job-specific skills training), employment placement (referral to a job placement or self-employment development agencies) or community participation (unpaid community service activity). The community participation stream is the one most readily identified with the notion of "workfare". In this stream, welfare recipients can be required to work from 17 to 70 hours per month in a not-for-profit or public sector workplace approved under the program in order to receive their basic welfare benefit.  Further reading for detailed Ontario Works information The Ontario Works page of the Ministry of Community and Social Services website includes the complete collection of Ontario Works Policy Directives. This is the Ontario Works Policy Manual - everything you might want to know about the program.  The Ministry of Community and Social Services Business Plan includes a section entitled Annual Report On Key Achievements where you can find a description of welfare reforms since 1995 - including Ontario Works - and plans for further reforms.  Recommended Reading from the - analysis of Ontario Works  is available from the (Toronto) Workfare Watch Project website.  FIVE YEARS LATER: Welfare Rate Cuts Anniversary Report (November 2000) - includes the following sections : The real value of welfare benefits - Evictions - Ontario versus the other provinces - Poverty and Health - Rent costs - Poverty Index - Food - Harming Women - Food bank use - Welfare Cuts and Policy Changes  See the r Ontario Non-Governmental Organization Links page for additional perspectives on many issues around workfare in Ontario.

"De facto" workfare occurs where the welfare authority does not impose a mandatory "work-for-your-basic-welfare-cheque" policy for all employable people receiving welfare. Rather, governments enforce job-search requirements for employable people more stringently, and they pay monthly supplements to people who are engaged in some approved activity whose goal is to help the person break free from welfare. The job-search rule is often seen as workfare, but it was always a part of CAP and provincial/territorial welfare programs.  Some jurisdictions pay monthly supplementary benefits to people on welfare who are participating in an approved employability program or job search activity to help them cover work- or training-related costs. Ernie Lightman argued in an article in the C.D. Howe Institute's 1995 book on workfare Helping the Poor: A Qualified Case for "Workfare" that the gap between the basic and supplemented benefit levels is often an offer that people in need can't refuse.  Quebec's welfare rules in 2000 for employable people best illustrate the tiered benefit structure that can result from these supplements and the application of the reciprocity principle. The Quebec welfare rate was about $120 less a month for a single employable person who was not participating in an employability measure (schooling, training or job integration) than for one who was. (The difference was about $200 for a two-adult household.)  This "non-participating" category included not only those who decline such measures, but also those for whom no appropriate measures were available. A non-participant was still required to satisfy job-search requirements, notably by not refusing a job (or abandoning one without just cause) under penalty (stipulated in Regulation) of a reduction in monthly welfare benefits of $100 or $150 (depending on the situation of the household) for a year. A second refusal within the year would result in monthly benefit cuts up to $300 ($150 for a lone-parent family).  *Check the (English) Employment Assistance page on the website of the Ministère de l'Emploi, de la Solidarité sociale et de la Famille for current welfare rules.

See  CAP, Rights and Workfare on the CAP Resources page for more on job search requirements VS workfare.

The Right to Welfare

Submission by the Charter Committee on Poverty Issues (CCPI) to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the occasion of the Review of the Third Report of Canada at the Committee's 19th Session (November - December, 1998)
- incl. a detailed analysis (~25 printed pages) of "the right to social assistance" with references to the Constitution Act, the Charter of Rights and the change from CAP to the CHST. The CCPI submission includes information on welfare case law in a number of jurisdictions that you definitely won't find elsewhere - dealing with the right to social assistance, adequacy of social assistance benefits, provincial contravention of national "standards" under CAP, sections 7 and 15 of the Charter of Rights, etc.
The case law information was prepared by Vincent Calderhead, Solicitor for the Charter Committee on Poverty Issues, in November, 1998.
Source : Charter Committee on Poverty Issues
See also: U.N. '98 Page - (links to 18 related documents)

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Welfare Reform Tracking Issues (U.S.)
[NOTE: this site is not about Canadian welfare reforms, but rather U.S. research on welfare leavers - relevant for Canadian welfare reform research.]
"State tracking studies provide information concerning critical questions about what is happening to the large number of families leaving welfare. While these studies do not provide the basis for any general conclusions about the success of reforms, they provide us with the first set of data regarding the effects of welfare reform. They illustrate both the positive results of welfare reform-more ex-recipients are working; and the remaining questions-How do we move recipients who are not working into jobs so they can establish stable support systems for their families?"
Tracking Recipients after They Leave Welfare (August 1999 article)
Summaries of individual states studies - links to summaries for 21 states
Source : National Conference of State Legislatures

Life after welfare : 1994 to 1999
March 2003
"Family incomes rose for the majority of people who stopped receiving welfare benefits during the 1990s. However, for about one out of every three individuals, family income declined significantly, according to a first-ever national study of the economic outcome for people who left welfare rolls."
The link above takes you to a summary of the report.
Complete report:
Life After Welfare: The Economic Well Being of Welfare Leavers in Canada during the 1990s (PDF file - 332K, 32 pages)
Source : The Daily [Statistics Canada]

Related Links:

After Welfare - Contrasting Studies (British Columbia)
"Statistics Canada has released a study on people who leave welfare that contrasts with the story spun by BC's Minister of Human Resources, Murray Coell. "Life After Welfare: The Economic Well Being of Welfare Leavers in Canada during the 1990s" by Marc Frenette and Garnett Picot provides some fascinating contrasts with Coell's characterization of the 90s and
with what are passing as welfare exit surveys in his ministry."
Source : Strategic Thoughts

Reports on Welfare Leavers and Diversion in the U.S.
-over 100 links to Cross-State Summaries and National Reports as well as state and county reports.
Source: Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]

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See also:
The Canada Assistance Plan/Canada Health and Social Transfer Resources Page
Canadian Union Links - including a selection of relevant reports

CANADIAN SOCIAL RESEARCH LINKS HOME PAGE

PAGE D'ACCUEIL - SITES DE RECHERCHE SOCIALE AU CANADA

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